Freuds Interpretations of Uncanny Essay - 653 Words

Freud’s concept of the â€Å"uncanny† is a highly influential and valued in psychoanalysis and literature. As Freud explains, it reveals much about his understanding of human beings as being essentially determined by their fears and unconscious desires. His interpretation of uncanny can be analyzed in two ways: linguistic and actual. In the beginning, he starts with the term â€Å"uncanny†, which is taken from German word â€Å"unheimlich†, literally meaning â€Å"un-home-like† – something unfamiliar and unknown, never experienced before. The problem is that the definition of the word and the linguistic peculiarities take half of the whole reading, so we get to the point after the second half. Freud then argues that the uncanny is a result of returned†¦show more content†¦This argument is influenced by the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex. The act of Oedipus blinding himself after finding out about his parentage is perceived as a symbolic castration. This statement can be explained by the ancient Greek laws which would punish the incest with his mother by castration. However, we can observe inconsistency here. As a reader, I still cannot draw the similarity between the two fears and cannot possibly compare eyes to the genitals in any ways. It may work on males, but I highly doubt that for females it is the same thing. The comparison of The Sandman with Oedipus Rex made me think about the thematic resemblance of two pieces. Here the subject of reality-testing is also important. The levels of uncanniness vary depending on the style of the book. The reader’s sensibility to the text is adjusted to the style. If it is a tale, every uncanny seems â€Å"normal†. Fiction creates an uncanny effect only when actual conditions are being narrated. So, the reader in a way shares the perspective of a character experiencing the uncanny along with him. If you read the whole Hoffmann’s tale, you get completely different meaning out of it. Freud does not take into account the whole text but just the parts he considers important for his analysis. Freud’s analysis seems very persuasive for those who did not care enough to spend theShow MoreRelated##canny : An Analysis Of Jean Rhys Mannequin1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe uncanny makes us question the work we’re reading/seeing; we ask ourselves, â€Å"is this ‘thing’ real?† We often see a visual representation of the uncanny; looking at an example of today’s trend, we see a user on Instagram with the username â€Å"lilmiquela,† this is a perfect visual representation of the uncanny because we see this user that looks like a human, has details of a human, but she looks like a digital human, yet she takes pictures with people who look like real people, and she socializesRead MoreEssay on Nella Larsens Passing1387 Words   |  6 Pages The concept of the uncanny can be a difficult one to comprehend; this is why Freud begins his essay with an analysis of the different definitions of the uncanny in various languages. Ultimately Freud rests that the German terms â€Å"heimlich† and â€Å"unheimlich† best match the definition of the uncanny because it is translated as familiar and unfamiliar. The uncanny can be defined as something that creates a feeling of familiarity but also unfamiliarity, and this unfamiliarity is what is fearful to theRead MoreThe Uncanny And Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1746 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment 1: Critical Commentary Freud’s The Uncanny and Emily Brontà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights The principal idea in Sigmund Freud’s interpretation of The Uncanny theory centres around the Heimlich, translating to ‘homely’ and thus, what is familiar, and the Unheimlich, which is often translated to what is ‘Uncanny’ defined as ‘what is [†¦] frightening precisely because it is not known and familiar’ (Freud, 1919) or later described as something that is ‘secretly familiar which has undergone repression’Read MoreThe Sandman1102 Words   |  5 PagesE.T.A. Hoffmanns The Sandman illuminates Freuds theory of the Uncanny. Freud’s understanding of Nathaniel in E.T.A. Hoffmann’s â€Å"The Sandman† is that the Nathaniel’s â€Å"madman† like actions are the result of the return of his suppressed juvenile material. Nathaniel is the protagonist and is convinced that a frightful destiny awaits him. His fear focuses on a threatening old man whom he has understood since infantile to be the â €Å"Sandman†, a monster who takes away the eyes of children who are awakeRead MoreThe Tale of Bigfoot1634 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Carradine and Joi Lansing I have made connections to the concepts and theories we have discussed in class. To name some of these theorists and concepts such as, Mary Douglas theory of dirt, Aristotle’s conceptualization of reproduction, Freud’s uncanny and the double, and Ann Ratcliff’s difference between terror and horror. Despite the terrible and cheesy 1970’s effects this movie is actually enjoyable to watch and the perfect movie for analyzing the theoretical concepts we have learned throughoutRead MoreMarx, Nietzsche, And Marx : A Critical Analysis Of The Hermeneutics Of Criticity1268 Words   |  6 PagesCriticism of political life is necessary for the advancement of society and the politics that govern everyday life. Hermeneutics of suspicion, as put by literary theorist, Rita Felski, â€Å"is a style of inter pretation that circumvents obvious or self-evident meanings in order to draw out less visible and less flattering truths.† This is exactly what Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud do as critics; they provide us with strategies of critical thinking that can be applied to complex subjects; they teach us toRead More Art, Surrealism, and the Grotesque Essay4657 Words   |  19 Pagesthrough therapeutic rationality. There are volumes of Freudian art criticism, which typically begin by calling attention to manifestations, in some work of art, of the darkest desires of the id. Perhaps in no field of art criticism does Freuds name appear more frequently than in surrealism, and for various reasons, the grotesque figures very strongly in that art movement. From the association of surrealist art and Freud, we can derive a cursory understanding of the grotesque in thisRead MoreNo Attic By Shaw s Heartbreak House : An Analysis Of Women And Capitalism Essay2095 Words   |  9 Pageson psychoanalysis and look at Sigmund Freud’s thoughts on repressions and neuroses. A working definition of neurosis might be given in order follow along Freud’s interpretation. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines it as â€Å"a mental and emotional disorder that affects only part of the personality†. As such, neuroses do not stop people from acting seemingly normally in society, but they can prevent them from building healthy relationships. Furthermore, Freud’s research is mainly focused on the unconsciousRead MoreThe Uncanny, A Freudian Term, By Sigmund Freud1993 Words   |  8 PagesThe â€Å"uncanny†, a Freudian term, is used to describe a situation or feeling that feels familiar and foreign at the same time. Through the writings and ideas of Ernst Jentech, and Sigmund Freud, it is defined. Between them th e uncanny is described as ...intellectual uncertainty; so that the uncanny would always, as it were, be something one does not know one’s way about in. The better oriented in his environment a person is, the less readily will he get the impression of something uncanny in regardRead MoreAn Analysis of Freuds Uncanny4369 Words   |  17 Pages Freuds Uncanny Repression Freuds Uncanny had many concepts and ideas extracted from it. The idea of repression and dark secrets was one of the most prominent ones. Linked with these ideas were various elements like coincidences, supernatural powers and spooky settings that set the stage for a mysterious tale. Many authors have made use of these elements of literature to make the readers stay on the edge of their seat. Two books that will be discussed in detail are The Picture of Dorian Gray

Solutions to the Foreclosure Crisis in Cleveland Essay

Cleveland, Ohio faces a vacant property crisis. Steady abandonment of vacant properties, both residential and commercial, has diminished stability, property values, and public safety in the city of Cleveland and its neighboring suburbs. This multi-faceted problem of mortgage loan delinquency and bank walk-aways in Cleveland has generated an extensive legal discussion concerning pressing public policy matters. The foreclosure crisis in Cleveland has imposed significant financial burdens upon taxpayers and area residents who have been forced to shoulder burdens that are rightfully the responsibility of borrowers, mortgage lenders and others that are direct parties to the mortgage transaction. Indeed, â€Å"the failure of borrowers and lenders†¦show more content†¦The outcome of that case, and the judgment orders placed upon Wells Fargo to bring foreclosed properties it owns in Cleveland up to city code, provides a foundation for foreclosure legislation reform and ideas to rebuild and revitalize Cleveland. The Challenges of Vacant Properties in Cleveland: Who is Interstate Investment, LLC? According to the National Vacant Properties Campaign, no uniform policy or consistent definition of a vacant or abandoned property exists. â€Å"Vacant properties can include abandoned, boarded-up buildings; unused lots that attract trash and debris; vacant or under-performing commercial properties known as greyfields (such as under-leased shopping malls and strip commercial properties); and neglected industrial properties with environmental contamination known as brownfields. Vacant properties impose massive costs, and municipalities like Cleveland bear the costs of foreclosures, both fiscal and social. The foreclosure crisis is changing the Real Estate Owned (REO) process. Some banks hold off on following through with foreclosures or letting empty houses sit in limbo, where they deteriorate further, instead of selling them. Cleveland has dealt with these â€Å"toxic titles,† as banks like Wells Fargo have refused toShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Foreclosure Crisis1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe historic loss of industry and the effects of the foreclosure crisis have left Cleveland s Population dwindling to about 400,000 people with an aging housing stock that was built for more than a million. The city estimates that as many as 15,000 houses are vacant more than half are condemned and awaiting demolition. Weak housing markets in Cleveland caused a regional housing problem. We face a regional economic growth problem that stems in part from long-term population loss. When citiesRead MoreThe Historic Loss Of Industry And The Effects Of The Foreclosure Crisis1516 Words   |  7 PagesProblem statement The historic loss of industry and the effects of the foreclosure crisis have left Cleveland s Population dwindling to about 400,000 people with an aging housing stock that was built for more than a million. The city estimates that as many as 15,000 houses are vacant more than half are condemned and awaiting demolition. Weak housing markets in Cleveland caused a regional housing problem. We face a regional economic growth problem that stems in part from long-term populationRead MoreThe Enigma Of Capital And The Crisis Of Capitalism By David Harvey779 Words   |  4 Pagesreview on was The Enigma of Capital and The Crisis of Capitalism by David Harvey. (Oxford University Press, 2011). The book is about capital flow and how it dictates the very essence of our everyday life. Harvey’s purpose of the book is to help gain a critical understanding of the systemic logic of capitalism and of the role that periodic crisis plays. Within that logic begins with a detailed account of the current crisis. Harvey then sets this crisis in longer term historical context presentingRead Morelending market and its aftermath reflec Essays4750 Words   |  19 Pageson the bubble housing crisis. Describe the stages of the bubble for the aliber-paradigm. Using the paradigm to explain problems in stock market and housing bubble burst. The Leir Center For Financial Bubble Research Working Paper #1 THE KINDLEBERGER-ALIBER-MINSKY PARADIGM AND THE GLOBAL SUBPRIME MORTGAGE MELTDOWN William V. Rapp, The New Jersey Institute of Technology, United States, rappw@adm.njit.edu ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the current global financial crisis that originated in theRead MoreSubprime Meltdown: American Housing and Global Financial Turmoil8458 Words   |  34 PagesMeltdown: American Housing and Global Financial Turmoil In early 2008, policy-makers in the United States needed to deal with the frightening after-effects of what had appeared to be a glorious housing boom. The most immediate problem was a wave of foreclosures, which a Senate report predicted could reach 2 million by the end of 2009. Lawmakers sought to relieve the resulting pain and to preserve the longstanding dream of raising the US homeownership rate. Amidst a sea of lawsuits and recrimination, theyRead MoreEssay about The Great Depression in the United States2551 Words   |  11 Pages1934, a strong dust storm hit the Great Plains. It was a two day storm that removed large amounts of topsoil and was considered to be one of the worst storms of the Dust Bowl. The two day storm reached cities in the east such as: Buffalo, Boston, Cleveland, New York City, and Washington D.C. That winter, red snow had fallen due to the dust still in the atmosphere from that summer. Rain was rare and the wind was out of control. As the years went by, t he number of storms increased. April 14, 1935 wasRead MoreHomelessness in Cincinnati Essay3319 Words   |  14 PagesCincinnati. They service people as far as Kentucky and Indiana and more than 20 counties, without discriminating of race, color, or religion. The food bank gives more than 15 million pounds of food to the food pantries, to service the homeless, those in crisis, or anyone in need of food. 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Night World Black Dawn Chapter 19 Free Essays

â€Å"The hunt of your lives,† Hunter Redfern said. Hewas standing handsome and erect, smiling easily. The nobles were gathered around him, and Maggieeven saw some familiar faces in the crowd. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 19 or any similar topic only for you Order Now That rough man from Delos’s memories-the one who grabbed his arm, she thought dreamily. And the woman who put the first binding spell on him. They were crowded in the courtyard, their faceseager. The first pale light was just touching thesky-not that the sun was visible, of course. But it was enough to turn the clouds pearly and cast aneerie, almost greenish luminescence over thescene below. â€Å"Twohumans,a witch, and a renegade prince,†Hunter proclaimed. He was enjoying himself hugely, Maggie could tell. â€Å"You’ll never have another chance at prey like this.† Maggie gripped Delos’s hand tightly. Shewasfrightened butatthesame time strangely proud. If the nobles around Hunter wereexpecting their prey to cower or beg, they were going to be disappointed. They were alone, the four of them, in a littleempty space in the square. Maggie and Aradia and Jeanne in their slave clothes, Delos in his leggingsand shirtsleeves. A little wind blew and stirredMaggie’s hair, but otherwise they were perfectly still. Aradia, of course, was always dignified. Just nowher face was grave and sad, but there was no sign of anger or fear in it. She stood at her full height,her huge clear eyes turned toward the crowd, as if they were all welcome guests that she had invited. Jeanne was more rumpled. Her red hair was disheveled and her tunic was wrinkled, but there wasa grim smile on her angular face and a wild battlelight in her green eyes. She was one prey that wasgoing to fight, Maggie knew. Maggie herself was doing her best to live up tothe others. She stood astall as she could, knowing she would never be asimpressive as Aradia, or as devil-may-care as Jeanne, but trying at least to look asif dying came easy to her. Delos was magnificent. In his shirtsleeves, he was more of a prince thanHunter Redfern would ever be. He looked at thecrowd of nobles who had all promised to be loyalto him and were now thirsting for his blood-and he didn’t get mad. He tried to talk to them. â€Å"Watch what happens here,† he said, his voicecarrying easily across the square. â€Å"And don’t forgetit. Are you really going to follow a man who cando this to his own great-grandson? How long is itgoing to be before he turns on you?Before you findyourselves in front of a pack of hunting animals?† â€Å"Shut him up,† Hunter said. He tried to say it jovially, but Maggie could hear thefuryunderneath. And the command didn’t seem to make much sense. Maggie could see the nobles looking at each other-who was supposed to shut him up, and how? â€Å"There are some things thatt have to be stopped,† Delos said. â€Å"And this man is one of them. I admitit, I was willing to go along with him-but that was because I was blind and stupid. I know betternow-and I knew better before he turned againstme. You all know me. Would I be standing here,willing to give up my life for no reason?† There was the tiniest stirring among the nobles. Maggie looked at them hopefully-and then herheart sank. They simply weren’t used to thinking for themselves, or maybe they were used to thinking only of themselves. But she could tell there wasn’t material for a rebellion here. And the slaves weren’t going to be of any help,either. The guards had weapons, they didn’t. Theywere frightened, they were unhappy, but this kind of hunt was something they’d seen before. Theyknew that it couldn’t be stopped. â€Å"This girl came to us peacefully, trying to keepthe alliance between witches and vampire,† Deloswas saying, his hand on Aradia’s shoulder. â€Å"And inreturn we tried to kill her. I’m telling you rightnow, that by spilling her innocent blood, you’re allcommitting a crime that will come back to hauntyou.† Another little stirringamong women, Maggie thought. Witches, maybe? â€Å"Shut him up,† Hunter said, almost bellowing it. And this time he seemed to be saying it to a specific person. Maggie followed his gaze and saw Sylvia near them. â€Å"Some beasts have to be muzzled before they canbe hunted,† Hunter said, looking straight at Sylvia.†So take care of it now. The hunt is about to begin.† Sylvia stepped closer to Delos, a little uneasily.He stared back at her levelly, as if daring her towonder what he’d do when she got nearer. â€Å"Guards!† Hunter Redfern said, sounding tired. The guards moved in. They had two differentkinds of lances, a distant part of Maggie’s mindnoted. One tipped with metal-that must be for humans and witches-and one tipped with wood. For vampires, she thought. If Delos wasn’t careful, he might get skewered in the heart before thehunt even began. â€Å"Now shut his lying mouth,† Hunter Redfernsaid. Sylvia took her basket off her arm. â€Å"In the new order after the millennium, we’llhave hunts like this every day,† Hunter Redfernwas saying, trying to undo the damage that hisgreat-grandson had done. â€Å"Each of us will have a city of humans to hunt. A city of throats to cut, acity of flesh to eat.† Sylvia was fishing in her basket, not afraid tostand close to the vampire prince since he was surrounded by a forest of lances. â€Å"Sylvia,† Aradia said quietly. Sylvia looked up, startled. Maggie saw her eyes,the color of violets. â€Å"Each of us will be a prince-† Hunter Redfernwas saying. â€Å"Sylvia Weald,† Aradia said. Sylvia looked down. â€Å"Don’t talk to me,† she whispered. â€Å"You’re notI’m not one of you anymore.† â€Å"All you have to do is follow me,† Hunter wassaying. â€Å"Sylvia Weald,† Aradia said. â€Å"You were born awitch. Your name means the greenwood, the sacred grove. You are a daughter of Hellewise, andyou will be until you die. You are my sister.† â€Å"I am not,† Sylvia spat. â€Å"You can’t help it. Nothing can break the bond.In your deepest heart you know that. And asMaiden of all the witches, and in the name of Hellewise Hearth-Woman, I adjure you: remove your spell from this boy.† It was the strangest thing-but it didn’t seem tobe Aradia who said it. Oh, it was Aradia’s voice, allright, Maggie thought, and it was Aradia standingthere. But at that moment she seemed to be fusedwith another form-a sort of shining aura allaround her. Someone who was part of her, butmore than she was. It looked, Maggie thought dizzily, like a tallwoman with hair as pale as Sylvia’s and largebrown eyes. Sylvia gasped out, â€Å"Hellewise †¦ .†Her own violeteyes were huge and frightened. Then she just stood frozen. Hunter was ranting on. Maggie could hear himvaguely, but all she could see was Sylvia, the shudders that ran through Sylvia’s frame, the heavingof Sylvia’s chest. Appeal to their true hearts,Maggie thought. â€Å"Sylvia,† she said. â€Å"I believe in you.† The violeteyes turned toward her, amazed. â€Å"I don’t care what you did to Miles; Maggie said.†I know you’re confused-I know you were unhappy. But now you have a chance to make upfor it. You can do something-something importanthere. Something that will change the world.† â€Å"Rivers of blood,† Hunter was raving. â€Å"And noone to stop us. We won’t stop with enslaving thehumans. The witches are our enemies now. Thinkof the power you’ll feel when you drink their lives!† â€Å"If you let this Wild Power be killed, you ‘I! beresponsible for the darkness coming,† Maggie said.†Only you. Because you’re the only one who canstop it right now.† Sylvia put a trembling hand to her cheek. Shelooked as if she were about to faint. â€Å"Do you really want to go down in history as the one who destroyed the world?† Maggie said. â€Å"As Maiden of all the witches †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Aradia said.And another, deepervoiceseemed to follow on hers like anecho , As Mother o f all the witches †¦Ã¢â‚¬ And in the name of Hellewise . . And in the name of my children†¦ â€Å"As you are a Hearth-Woman †¦Ã¢â‚¬  As you are my own daughter, a true Hearth Woman †¦ â€Å"I adjure you!†Aradia said, and her voice rangout in double tones so clearly that it actuallystopped Hunter in midtirade. It stopped everyone. For an instant there was absolutely no sound in the courtyard. Everyone wa: looking around to see where the voice had come from. Sylvia was simply staring at Aradia. Then the violet eyes shut and her entire bodyshivered in a sigh. When she spoke it was on the barest whisper of breath, and only someone as close as Maggie wa:could have heard her. â€Å"As a daughter of Hellewise, I obey.† And then she was reaching for Delos’s arm, ancDelos was reaching toward her. And Hunter wa: shouting wildly, but Maggie couldn’t make out thewords. She couldn’t make out Sylvia’s words, ei.ther, but she saw her lips move, and she saw the slender pale fingers clasp Delos’s wrist. And saw the lance coming just before it piercecSylvia’s heart. Then,as if everything came into focus at once she realized what Hunter had been shouting in i voice so distorted it was barely recognizable. â€Å"Kill her! Kill her!† And that’s just what they’d done, Maggie thoughther mind oddly clear, evenasa wave of horror andpity seemed to engulf her body. The lance wen right through Sylvia. It knocked her backwardaway from Delos, and blood spurted all over thefront of Sylvia’s beautiful green dress. And Sylvia looked toward Hunter Redfern andsmiled. This time Maggie could read the words orher lips. â€Å"Too late.† Delos turned. There was red blood on his whiteshirthis own, Maggie realized. He’d tried to getin the way of the guard’s killing Sylvia. But nowhe had eyes only for his greatgrandfather. â€Å"It stops here!† She had seen the blue fire before, but never likethis. The blast was like a nuclear explosion. Itstruck where Hunter Redfern was standing with hismost loyal nobles around him, and then it shot upinto the sky in a pillar of electric blue. And it wenton and on, from sky to earth and back again, as ifthe sun were falling in front of the castle. How to cite Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 19, Essay examples

Measuring And Monitor Project Performance -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Measuring And Monitor Project Performance? Answer: Introduction Project management plays an integral role in successful completion of a project. This is the reason why majority of the organization adopt a project management approach in implementation of a project. The use of different project management tools help in proper management of a project. Therefore, it can be said that a projects success largely depends on the chosen project management approach. However, there can be certain issues in project management as well such as leadership, insufficient pre pans and inability to track the progress of a project (Trivellas Drimoussis, 2013). The project manger is responsible for tracking the project progress and ensuring that the professional and ethics codes of conduct are followed during the implementation of the project. The 10 weeks learning has been very helpful in understanding the concept and basics of project management. Proper project management approach helps in identification of critical success factors of a project, evaluation of which helps in proper management and implementation of a project (Mir Pinnington, 2014). Project governance is an important aspect of project management and therefore should be tailored according to the specific needs of an organization. Planning and scheduling of the project is another important project need. Proper scheduling of a project is essential to ensure that the project is completed within a given schedule (Heagney, 2016). The project manager of a project is responsible for handling every critical situation of a project including the initial planning and project budgeting. The detailed learning experience of 12 weeks is elaborated in the following paragraphs. Course Learning Outcomes The Project management methods and concepts have been widely adopted by a number of organizations over the years as it helps in improving the methods applied in project management (Turner, 2016). I have a considerable knowledge about the project management methodologies used in different projects from my own personal experience. The increasing use of different project management methodologies have revolutionized the way of project implementation as it has become even more practical and calculative over the years (Kerzner, 2017). Use of proper project management methodology increases the rate of profits of an organization. Whatever be the size of the project, it is needed to be managed. A proper project management methodology helps in overcoming different challenges faced in project implementation by properly planning the project from its initiation phase to its completion. It provides clarity on the processes used in managing a project. I have understood that different organizations adapt to the project management methodologies as it helps in clearly defining the roles of the project team members. The lesson learnt in following a particular approach helps in implementing the same in some other similar projects. A proper project management approach furthermore helps in identifying managing the tasks that are needed to be done in order to successfully implement a project. I have experienced the use of a formal project management methodology in my professional carrier. For successful implementation of any project a proper communication plan is necessary in order to communicate the project progress among all the stakeholders associated with a project. Therefore, it can be said that project management helps in effective decision making and saves a lot of time and money in implementing a project. This is the major reason why organizations adopt different project management methodologies in successful implementation of a project. Evidence I have worked in a software manufacturing company working in development of the different important software. There I have gained a considerable experience about the different project management methodologies that are implemented in the organization. Furthermore, the 12 weeks course learning of project management has helped in gaining a detailed knowledge about the most basic concepts of project management (Schwalbe, 2015). The lecture slides have been a great help in understanding the different project management approaches that can be implemented for successful completion of a project. The role of the project manager and the project supervisor is integral for successful completion of any project. The experience that I have gathered while working on different project has considerably helped me in understanding the importance of project management methodology in successful execution of a project (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). Critically analyse the impact of Project Management Methodologies upon stakeholders While working on a project, I have understood that stakeholders hold an important position in any project success. Therefore, it is utmost essential to keep the project stakeholders informed about the project progress. Since it is essential for the project team members to inform about the project progress to the stakeholders, choosing a proper project management approach has a large impact on the project stakeholders. Project management methodologies play a large role in systematically planning and executing a project. In almost every project management methodology, stakeholder management is a significant part. While working on different projects, I understood that management of the stakeholders requires interpersonal skills. A proper project management methodology helps in planning a proper way of communicating with the project stakeholders. Project management is a complex process and a difficult challenge mainly in large and complex projects. Proper management of the stakeholders significantly improves and increases the chances of achieving project success. Every project management methodology involves proper evaluation of the project risk, which is one of the major principles of stakeholder management as well. Therefore, a selected project management methodology has a huge impact on the stakeholders associated with the project. Continuous communication with the stakeholder of a project is essential for keeping the stakeholders engaged with the project, as stakeholders communication is a key factor in ensuring the success or failure of a project. The project management methodologies further help in effective management and engagement of the stakeholders associated with a project. While working in one complex projects, I have witnessed the importance of the managing the stakeholders as many important decisions associated with a project is dependent on the project stakeholders. Therefore, it can be said that project management methodologies have a high impact on the project stakeholders. The 12 weeks course learning has given me a brief overview of the different processes of stakeholder management and importance of stakeholders management in project. The project manager is responsible for ensuring proper communication among the stakeholders. This is essential for keeping the stakeholders informed about the project progress. The course of project management has helped me in understanding the impact of the stakeholders on the different project management methodologies chosen for a project. The project management processes associated with the each project methodology is different and therefore a proper project methodology is to be chosen based on the requirements of the project. I have gained this knowledge by working on a real time project with a software company. Furthermore, I have gained knowledge about the need of keeping the stakeholders engaged for a project. Therefore, it is quite evident that project management methodologies have a huge impact on the stakeholde rs associated with a project. Explain and justify the major elements of a Project Management Methodology that might meet the needs of an organisation The major elements of the project management methodology that an organization needs are proper scheduling and management of the project within the set budget. Apart from this, one of the major elements of any project management methodology is evaluation of scope of a project. It is important to evaluate the scope of the project as it helps in identifying and listing the project objectives. An improper scope selection will eventually lead to failure of the project. Management of project scope indicates a set of processes that ensures that a project is accurately defined and mapped. Throughout this course study, I have gained considerable knowledge about the different scope management techniques that project managers undertake for successful completion of a project. Another major element of a project management methodology is dividing a project into number of phases. A project management methodology is generally chosen for proper implementation of the project. Planning phase is another major element of project management methodology. It is one of the initial project stages upon which the entire project will be based on. I have understood the importance of the different project management elements that an organization needs to undertake for ensuring the success of the project (Canils Bakens, 2012). The main aim of an organization implementing a project is its successful completion within the allocated time. The planning phase of the project plans the different stages and processes associated with a project. The knowledge about the importance of scope, planning and scheduling is an important need of an organization as these elements of project management contributes to the success of the project. Requirements gathering and planning are major elements of project management methodology that meets the needs of an organization. Use of different project management tools such as Gantt chart and different scheduling tools helps an organization in implementing a project in a specified time frame. EvidenceWhile working on a software project I have experienced and understood the importance of the project scheduling. One of the major needs of an organization working on software projects is to deliver the product within a scheduled time (Niazi et al., 2016). Furthermore, the 12 week course on project management has given me a clear idea of the different project management tools and elements that are an integral part of any project. Therefore, it is quite evident that an organization needs to have a detailed knowledge about the different project management tools and elements in order to implement a project successfully (Dyb, Dingsyr Moe, 2014). Working in the 10 weeks portfolios has further help me in gaining a detailed knowledge about the different processes and methods of project management, that will be a great help for organizations working on different projects. Conclusion Throughout 12 weeks of learning about project management methodologies, I have understood the fundamental knowledge about the different project management methodologies and the detailed process of project management. Throughout this course of project management, I have understood the importance of critical thinking and critical writing. Critical thinking helps in understanding and evaluating the logical connection between different new ideas and helps in analysing the different perspective of different individuals. Critical writing on the other hand helps in engaging to more critical concepts and writing it down. There are certain constraints associated with a project. The different constraints such as time cost and quality ensures successful completion of the project. However, the project success largely depends on the knowledge, understanding and implementation techniques that constitute the basic elements of project management. The project management course and learning of 12 week s has made be understand the importance of a project manager in ensuring project success (Doloi, 2012). The project manager is responsible for carrying out the different important stages associated with a project, such as, communication planning, risk management, developing the project control strategies and so on. Evaluating the project scope is an important element of project management, as improper scope evaluation results in failure of the projects (Marcelino-Sdaba et al., 2014). Implementation of a project without a proper project management methodology might not be successful as it is one of the significant factors of a project. Apart from this, developing a proper communication plan is important to communicate the project progress among the different stakeholders associated with a project (Beringer, Jonas Kock, 2013). Choosing a particular project management approach has a high impact on the stakeholders associated with a project. One of the major elements of project management is proper governance of the project (Fleming Koppelman, 2016,). Project governance however, should follow the legal rules and regulations. Project governance is an essential part of project management as it helps in ensuring proper progress of a project. One of the major elements project methodologies is project scheduling and use of work breakdown structures to gather an idea about the works that are needed to be completed within the project (Devi Reddy, 2012). Work breakdown structures are used to break a task into a number of simpler tasks, successful implementation of which will lead to project success. The different elements of project management methodologies correspond to the need of an organization working on a project. The 12 weeks learning experience has provided a detailed knowledge about the different project management methodologies that are used in implementation of a project (Serrador Pinto, 2015). References Beringer, C., Jonas, D., Kock, A. (2013). Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio management and its impact on success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), 830-846. Canils, M. C., Bakens, R. J. (2012). The effects of Project Management Information Systems on decision making in a multi project environment.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), 162-175. Devi, T. R., Reddy, V. S. (2012). Work breakdown structure of the project.Int J Eng Res Appl,2(2), 683-686. Doloi, H. (2012). Cost overruns and failure in project management: Understanding the roles of key stakeholders in construction projects.Journal of construction engineering and management,139(3), 267-279. Dyb, T., Dingsyr, T., Moe, N. B. (2014). Agile project management. InSoftware project management in a changing world(pp. 277-300). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Fleming, Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2016, December). Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Heagney, J. (2016).Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kerzner, H. (2017).Project management metrics, KPIs, and dashboards: a guide to measuring and monitoring project performance. John Wiley Sons. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Marcelino-Sdaba, S., Prez-Ezcurdia, A., Lazcano, A.M.E. and Villanueva, P., (2014). Project risk management methodology for small firms.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.327-340. Mir, F. A., Pinnington, A. H. (2014). Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), 202-217. Niazi, M., Mahmood, S., Alshayeb, M., Qureshi, A. M., Faisal, K., Cerpa, N. (2016). Toward successful project management in global software development.International Journal of Project Management,34(8), 1553-1567. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Serrador, P., Pinto, J. K. (2015). Does Agile work?A quantitative analysis of agile project success.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), 1040-1051. Trivellas, P., Drimoussis, C. (2013). Investigating leadership styles, behavioural and managerial competency profiles of successful project managers in Greece.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,73, 692-700. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.

Race in Ancient Egypt

Race describes classification of human into distinct groups by considering factors such as heritable phenotypic characteristics or geographic ancestry. It is influenced by such traits as appearance, culture, ethnicity, and socio-economic status of individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Race in Ancient Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Race in ancient Egypt In the Ancient Egypt, there was minimal consideration in terms of race. Majority of population were black individuals, while the entire world was devoid of racism. Importantly, the dark skin was never seen as a sign of being inferior, this being depicted by the entire artworks from the ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Civilization originated from Western countries, when the European powers colonized Africa in the nineteenth century. This resulted to the introduction of numerous adverse effects within the black community. The black pharaohs sprang fro m African civilization that had flourished on the southern banks of the Nile, and reunified and filled the landscape with glorious monuments. Western scholars began to pay attention to the skin tone of Egyptian individuals, as they viewed the blacks as being primitive and inferior compared to the white explorers. It is believed that all ancient Egyptians, from King Tut to Cleopatra, were black Africans. They ruled Ancient Egypt for thousands of years, after conquering non-black rule and accomplishing numerous tasks. Moreover, the stability of Egypt was always restored by the black leaders from the south. Ancient Egyptians had no racial distinctions between their populations, and they acknowledged and depicted the distinct differences that existed between themselves and the Libyans, Asiatic, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Due to race infiltration in Egypt, majority of the black people were under-educated and denied the facts that spelled out the true history of Ancient Egypt, achievem ents of the black population, and their original works and practices. This was being spearheaded and promoted by the Europeans and Arab invaders. Racism affected the research process and findings, as most of the findings were only attributed to the whites, including their works. Moreover, various artifacts and certain achievements by the blacks were changed to depict the whites as being supreme.Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The black population was regarded as having no influence on development of early civilization in Egypt, although they had the greatest influence in majority of the developments that had taken place in the ancient times. Racism was distributed across generations of teachers, students, and the public through misinformation of various known facts that described true black Africans. Ancient Egypt was full of numerous artifacts that existed from the ancient ti mes. These were made and designed by native Africans and later discovered by the white explorers who came as a result of colonization within Ancient Egypt, including the discovery of seven large stone statues of Nubian pharaohs, various portraits of blacks that were changed to depict white supremacists and so on. Majority of the occurrences, artifacts, and discoveries were turned round because of the existing racism to depict the strengths and achievements of the whites at the expense of the black population in ancient Egypt. Conclusion Ancient Egypt faced racism because of the introduction of civilization after the process of colonization in the nineteenth century, when the whites promoted oppression of the black population in terms of education, information, and the general achievements that had been brought by the black Africans. This led to majority of the achievements, works, and artifacts and so on, that were done and accomplished by the blacks being linked and notated to the whites. This essay on Race in Ancient Egypt was written and submitted by user M00nst0ne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Ritalin for Whom essay

buy custom Ritalin for Whom essay Ritalin is a drug for individuals with a disorder or a deficit called Attention Deficit-hyperactivity disorder. (ADHD) or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). The drug has been found to be helpful in treating the above said conditions; however, every drug can be abused depending on the availability and perceived other conditions it can treat. Therefore, all the stakeholders starting from parents, teachers, counselors and other people who might handle the drug should know the facts about it, the safe and unsafe use of the drug Ritalin. Its therapeutic and non-therapeutic nature. The paper therefore, focus on the nature of the drug, who should it be administered to and what are the effects of the drug to people of different ages. Ritalin is a drug that has flooded many American families, and now it is found elsewhere in the world. It is often used to reduce the patients anxieties, conflicts and exasperations at different times in their lives. The paper therefore, looks at the long- term s ide effects of the drug and its usefulness in the therapeutic purposes. Discussion. The use of the drug combined with other forms of therapy such as behavioral therapy, individual psychotherapy for children and adults and the people in their families. The combination of pharmacological and psychological therapies is useful foe the treatment of children and adults psychiatric disorders. The disconcerting and worrying factor in the use of the drug, its diagnostic and lack of knowledge is a worrying trend. There is still lack of knowledge and the clarity of ADHD and the side effects of the Ritalin, but the drug is always prescribed to children below the age of 6. Attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity have been around for a very long period of time. A study that was done by Eric Taylor in 1991 advocated for the clinical distinction of the lot of children with the presence of hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder from the group with antisocial conducts and behaviors and hyperactivity. Hyperkinesis is a disorder caused by the structural damage of the brain or psycho-social problems, and when is combined with co-morbidity many of the symptoms found in the ADHD, this can explain why the ADHD is over diagnosed leading to other disorders. Despite all the studies done on the investigations. Research, and elaborate diagnostic criteria, differences in culture and history in thinking about the behaviors still disturbs the range of therapeutic initiatives to contain ADHD. ADHD is still a debatable disorder whose nature regarding the etiology, prevalence, diagnostic and conceptualization not clearly defined. With regard to the twin studies of the ADHD and its etiology indicating the genetic component of hyperactivity has revealed that the genetic component of the disorder still not known and what is exactly inherited. Another disconcerting fact about ADHD and Ritalin is that the drug is not licensed for young children, yet it is administered to an increasing number of children below age 6. This poses one question as to who should Ritalin be administered to? For pre-shooters only or for all the people who may be suffering from the ADHD disorder! Procedure of the study A random sampling of the students attending large universities in the southwestern universities, in the United States, was invited for the study. They participated in the internet based research in order to establish college achievement, lifestyle and alcohol and drug abuse and drug behavior. The participants could link directly to study in the internet through the link that was provided for the study. The link contained the instructions and the special pin number for the students registration so that each respondent could only participate in the surrey once. The survey was open for all the participants for three weeks. The participants were provided with the consent pad with the information that required them to consent for the study for ethical reasons. Following the consent form, participants completed a series of demographic and college regulated items like sorority and fraternity measures as well as questions regarding the alcohol use, illegal and prescription of the drug, ciga rette use. The measures of the study were approved by the San Diego State University Institutional Review Board. A total of 6,150 undergraduate students participated in the survey and approximately 32% completed the survey. The analysis and the survey focused on the Ritalin use among the typical college students between the ages of 18 and 24. The demographic items included questions about respondents gender, age, race, committed relationship, religious service attendance in days, months, years eat, GPA for the previous semester, type of residence, alcohol consumption in terms of the frequency of drinking, how many bottles per day, per week and per month. The survey also queried he participants smoking status as in never smoked, experimented, current smokers. Additional survey was on the use of illegal drugs like marijuana, cocaine and the use of prescription drugs like Ritalin. The participants were asked as in how many occasions in their lives have they use Ritalin without prescription for the last twelve months, for the past thirty days, and they were allowed to select frequencies like never used, used it occasionally, used it frequently, used it more occasionally etc. Data analysis The bivariate relationship between the Ritalin use and the participant demographics, college related variables, cigarette use, alcohol use and illegal and prescription use of drugs. Past year and past thirty days use of the Ritalin without the prescription served as the dependent variables for the analysis. The respondents who reported the use of one or more illegal substances or one or more prescription drugs in the past one year or in the past thirty days were recorded as having used one or more substances. Variables with the significant bivariate relationship to Ritalin use were included in the logistic regression analyses distinctively to model the past one year and the past thirty days use of the illegal drugs and the subscription drugs. Cases with missing data were deleted from the multivariate analyses list wise. Bivariate and the multivariate analyses were weighted to account for the overrepresentation of any gender since out of the sample study subjects female gender was ov errepresented. Results The bivariate associations between past year and past thirty days Ritalin use and the participants demographics, college related differences, cigarette use, alcohol use and drug use showed great and significant correlation with the participants age, last semester GPA, drinking occasionally and 9in the maximum number of drinks in the past two weeks, Alcohol consumption was positively related to the use of Ritalin, a prescribed drug. The respondent gender and race were elaborately associated with the use of the Ritalin drug in the past one year and the past one month. The participants class standing was also significantly associated with the past one month and the past one year use of the Ritalin drug. The college senior reported the lowest use of the Ritalin as compared to college sophomore and freshmen were much likely to report more to the Ritalin use. The smokers and the individuals experimenting with tobacco reported the significant use of the Ritalin in the past one year and the past one month. The past one month and the past one year use of illegal drugs and one or more related prescription drugs also showed the significant use of Ritalin. Presentation Ritalin is the most widely used drug in the prescribed stimulant medication for ADHD. Good proportions in number of college students in the United States are prescribed the drug. Similar number of the students has reported to be diverting the drug, Ritalin for selling, sharing or giving it away. The study focused on the risk factors associated with the use of nonprescribed Ritalin. As the findings have shown, there is the high rate of Ritalin use by the students at the college level with the figures declining with the level of seniority. The respondents reported the high rate of Ritalin use in the past one year and the past one month. Compared with the national figures of the Ritalin use, the percentage was high in the South California University where the research was conducted. This could be attributed to the overrepresentation of students who use the substance. Whether the overall population estimates of the Ritalin are anomalous, the main focus of the study was to examine the co rrelation of the Ritalin use as opposed to documenting the population estimates. The findings represented the facts as other college research on use of prescription stimulants. Other research has found the positive association between the Ritalin use and the use of other drugs. The students with lower GPAs are more likely to use Ritalin. The research also revealed that both the experimental smokers and the regular smokers were more likely to report the use of Ritalin in the past one year and the past one month as compared to nonsmokers. The experimenters in the smoking scene had the great likelihood of reporting the Ritalin use iin the past one month relative to nonsmokers One may then speculate that the effects of nicotine in the cigarette functions the same as the Ritalin. Perhaps they used the same drugs to cope with the academic stress and other related factors. Students who belonged to a fraternity or sorority reported the high rate of Ritalin use; a member was more likely to report seven times the use of Ritalin compared to nonmember. Again the sorority members were more likely to report seven times higher the presence of Ritalin in the past one month as compared to the nonmember. The study also focused on the relationships and the use of Ritalin. Those in the relationship reported past one year use of Ritalin and past one month use of the Ritalin drug whether the relationship was protective or non protective. Ritalin ADHD and children ADHD affects many children in the United States three to five percent of children suffer from ADHD. When looking at the long term consequences of ADHD, one third to one half of the children will outgrow their behavior. In many children, the symptoms of ADHD especially hyperactivity decrease with time, impulsivity may persist till adulthood. The diagnostic and treatment of the disorder has been empirical with no objective confirmation to date from the laboratory measures. The ADHD diagnostic should focus on the three major factors like impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention based on the childs family history, physical examination and the developmental and the psychological evaluation. Other diagnostic measures may look at the childs chronic fear to mild seizure making the child to be overactive, quarrelsome, over reactive and not attentive. Repeated middle ear complication also makes the child appear withdrawn and non cooperative. When it comes to the treatment of the ADHD, counselors elaborate physical education, psychology education, physiological education and family appraisal must be done to avoid misdiagnosis. Management must also involve the equal treatment plan of pharmacological procedures together with the behavioral shifting therapies. Ecological management and educational ways that could help the individuals suffering from ADHD so that they can focus their work on their self esteem and operate in different ways. Multidisciplinary approach is also important in the treatment of ADHD. Parents, children and the school work together in order to formulate the educational methods suitable for the development of children suffering from the disorder. The developed academic goals and the activities must also incorporate the needs of the child with the problem. The current drug therapy that has been developed to cope with the ADHD disorder is the stimulant like methylphenidate (Ritalin). Additionally, patient s and their families are advised to seek group and individual and other integrated therapies for the suitable and the best therapy. The use of Ritalin is widespread and calls for further studies in order to develop targeted intervention plans. The use of the drug as a stimulant and as a therapeutic substance presents an array of complicated topics that must be analyzed in more detailed manner. The age factor and the complications caused by the ADHD and the use of Ritalin as reported by respondents in the study showed that the drug is not only used to treat the disorder but also as a stimulant for various purposes. When the respondents reported to have used the Ritalin both consciously and unconsciously, having sold it out to other students or given it out freely is also another topic of discussion. The use of the drug and other related functions as in the complications that the drug could help the victims to overcome like poor performances in class work, the use of the drug together with other substances like alcohol, nonprescriptive substances, tobacco and cigarette also showed that the drug is a stimulant like any other drug consumed by individuals to feel high, become intoxicated ant to feel relieved from the problems of the world. Conclusion ADHD is a disorder affecting children mostly but the condition may be carried to adulthood if not properly diagnosed and proper therapeutic measure taken to treat the complication. The best therapeutic measure to be taken when dealing with the complication is all encompassing thereby involving both the stakeholders from the parents of the individuals suffering from the disorder to the teachers at the school where these individuals learn and society as a whole. The currently used drug for the treatment of ADHD is called Ritalin. The drug has been abused by individuals to whom it is prescribed; they give it away to their colleagues either by selling it, giving it out freely. The drug is mostly abused in High schools by the students; the statistics show that the ages of drug user in the high schools decreases with age and seniority as sophomores and the freshmen reported to be using the Ritalin more than the seniors. Buy custom Ritalin for Whom essay

American Hospital Assciation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Hospital Assciation - Research Paper Example lth of individuals and the community as a whole and hence lends support to hospitals and health care systems that work for the betterment of community health. The organization which initially began as an association for hospital superintendents and addressed the concerns of hospital administrators later on provided membership access to executive officers, associates and institutions. These inclusions resulted in a change of the organization’s goal from simple interchange of ideas related to hospital management and economics to promoting efficient economic and hospital management. With the inclusion of institutional membership the objective was later extended to promote the health and welfare of the community at large, along with appropriate management of hospitals and dispensaries and to obtain the support and cooperation of hospitals and health care systems which had similar goals as the AHA. With these new objectives in place, the institution called for the development of outpatient services with emphasis on education and research. The revised mission in 1987 stressed on efficient leadership in public policies, advocacy and other services. Through its advocacy in courts and halls of the Congress the AHA has become the voice of hospitals and health care systems across the country. AHA is strongly advocating for the legal issues associated with healthcare and is laying emphasis on quality and accreditation of health care units keeping in mind the final goal of providing good quality health care to people. The achievements of the organization reflect its dual role in improving both hospital organization and public health. The AHA helped the establishment of the Blue cross and funding for the Commission on Hospital Care which in turn lead to the formation of the Hill-Burton programme. It also laid the foundation for the Medicare legislation which resulted in better access to healthcare facilities for the elderly. The AHA also established the House of Delegates

Business Statistics SPSS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Statistics SPSS - Research Paper Example The progress of a university is determined by the HR department who provide a favorable professional environment for collecting information and giving tangle consideration of information gathered. According to Pausits, 2015, the quality of academia and management depends on the quality of HR department and functions. In our case study, the HR department considered collecting data about the number of employees and students while benchmarking their annual pay rise because this is the only two main ends that are involved in circulation of finance in the University holding the universities' infrastructural development constant. The reason for benchmarking the pay rise comparing with 25 other universities is to have an overview of several aspects such as progress and performance of the institutions. The main need for HR department of benchmarking this information is to determine if the size of the university regarding student enrolment and the number of staffs (employees) influence the an nual pay raise. By comparing at 25 universities pay rise, we can be able to carry out data analysis and determine in the universities with the highest number of enrollment (large) have the highest pay rise comparing the universities with a low enrolment (small) rate which has the least pay rise. Since of a large number of the information provided, we are going to determine the mean (average) pay rise depending on the size of the universities (Small, Medium, and large). The hypothesis will be formulating, suitable data analysis technique and recommendation will be made according to the results of the analysis.

Describe a political actors role in international public law Research Paper

Describe a political actors role in international public law - Research Paper Example At the same time, another best case scenario is approaching proper channels to punish as well as restraint the aggressors. So, if a nation or its leader or group of people indulges in violent activities, it has to be countered not through another cycle of violence, but through a sound legal approach. If a leader or certain individuals of a country initiate and indulge in violence or other criminal activities, they will have to be punished by the legal system, practiced in their country. However, some times, if that leader or individuals manipulate and negatively influence the domestic legal system in their favor, its purpose will be defeated. In that scenario only, the international legal system comes into the picture to rein that specific nation or leader or individuals. This positive avenue could also be blockaded, if they refuse to cooperate or being trialed under the international legal system. So, this paper will analyze the international legal systems, its effect on human right s and importantly on a country’s sovereignty with specific focus on United States of America (USA). Vestiges of multilateralism There are only few institutions which can be considered as the last vestiges of multilateralism in this unilateral leaning world. ... This legal order equates all the nations and disciplines the nations in all aspects especially human rights. Even while focusing on this multilateral perspective, there is also the other side of the coin, as certain countries are skeptical about this international legal order particularly United States of America. These countries abhor the participation of international institutions in their domestic affairs, and instead state that their local legal system is apt enough to handle those affairs. â€Å"†¦they hold that States remain the leading source of all international rules—the limiting factor that ensures that international relations are shaped, and remain anchored to, the politics of the sovereign state† (Held, 2002). Most countries of the world would not want or allow outside interference in the internal affairs of their country. Moreover, if it is a military form of intervention they will oppose it or even fight against it. â€Å"Few countries of the world, large or small, would agree to entrust their security or other vital national interests entirely to a multilateral institution† (Jayakumar, 2003). They will not trust the international institutions and would not allow them to mediate or put their citizens under trial or even prosecute them. Based on the leverage, nations give to these international institutions regarding their ‘internal affairs’, Held had formulated three models, classic sovereignty, liberal international sovereignty and cosmopolitan sovereignty. The model ‘classic sovereignty’ gives the countries a free reign regarding their internal affairs without outside interference, and so it is also the law of

Managing Cultural Diversity Management Essay

Managing Cultural Diversity Management Essay Davis (2003, p. 45) argues that cultural differences are usually created by race-ethnicity, gender, function, and tenure among the organization factors. Difference in culture may result to the rise of conflicts among team members. This usually results to disrupted communication within the organization and eventually negative outcomes. Therefore, it is the role of every organization and entire management to come up with various ways of managing and reducing negative effects of cultural differences. Management in various organizations should ensure that they are able to detect and avoid such cases from arising. Political backgrounds and experience are other major factors that contribute to cultural differences. Multicultural teams and differences in most occasions generate dilemmas in the organization management. Cultural differences usually create considerable obstacles to efficient teamwork. Recognizing various underlying cultural causes of conflicts is the main challenge in managing multicultural teams by organizations management. It is also a great challenge for management to get teams back into the track as well as empowering members to manage and deal with the challenges of cultural differences in future. Work-group diversity has become one of the most challenging issues that are facing various organizations currently. Various factors like demographic, cultural and legal factors have greatly changed the composition of organizations work forces. Demographic factors include multi-culturalism, equality initiatives, globalization, and declining birth rates. Therefore, this requires managers, employers, and employees to be sensitive to both intra- and intergroup differences. They are also required to adopt practices and policies which are effective in coping with such changes. Managing cultural diversification Ely Thomas, (2001, p. 230) maintains that managers and team members can manage cultural differences. This is only possible if they adopt and chose the right strategies within their organizations. Cultural difference poses various challenges which include hindering success within the organization. They pose as a barrier to effective communication which is a key element in any organization. Cultural difference creates differing attitudes towards authority and hierarchy hence difference in the ways people are treated. It also leads to conflicts especially when making decisions. These challenges are a great hindrance towards success and development of any organization. Therefore, managers need to come up with various strategies and policies in ensuring cultural differences and challenges are eliminated. According to Nankervis, Compton Baird, (2002, p. 120), they are four main strategies of dealing with cultural challenges for managers and various teams in organizations. They include adaption, structural intervention, managerial intervention and exit. Adaption mainly involves acknowledgement of cultural gaps frankly and even working around them. Managerial intervention involves early setting of norms and even bringing in of high-level management. Structural intervention is changing of the teams shape. Exit involves removing a team member in case the options have failed. They are several steps that any organizations management can adopt in dealing and eliminating cultural differences. Identification of the challenge is the key and first step in dealing with multicultural differences. Assessing the circumstances under which the differences are occurring is another crucial step towards dealing with multicultural differences. Adaption is a great strategy that organizations encourage in dealing with cultural diversity. This involves teams finding various ways of working with and around the challenge that they encounter. It also involves adapting practices and attitudes without necessarily making changes to the assignment of the group. Adaption works well when members of the team or organization acknowledge and even name their differences in culture as well as assuming their responsibilities. It also involves figuring on various ways to live with the cultural differences. Adaption has been seen as the best way of dealing with cultural diversity difference as it does not demand a lot of time as compared to other strategies. This is mainly because members of the team take part in problem solving while learning from the process. This kind of mind set plays a great role in ensuring there are creative in protecting their cultural differences within the organization. Organization taking this type of initiative en sures that cultural diversity does not affect its performance and operations among its teams. Various organizations managements have found adaption as an ideal strategy towards solving cultural diversity. This is mainly because it is effective and solves its own problem with little input from management. Team members must be aware of this strategy in order for it to be successful in solving the intended problems or differences. However, negotiating a common understanding may take sometime among the team members. Structural intervention is another way that organizations are utilizing in ensuring they manage the cultural diversity. It is an intentional reorganization or reassignment that is designed to reduce or eliminate source of conflict between people or teams. It is also intended to reduce interpersonal frictions that largely contribute to cultural diversity. The strategy works effectively when obvious subgroups separate the team. This is mainly if team members are clinging to negative stereotypes of one another or feel threatened. Structural intervention also involves creating smaller working groups of diversified cultures. This enables team members to know and even respect every team member. Various organizations utilize or use this strategy as it encourages reduction of cultural diversity within the organization. Structural intervention as a strategy for managing cultural diversity shields people who are not working well in a team. Managerial intervention also plays a vital role in solving organizations cultural diversity effects. Although the failure to involve team in decision making may result to a stalemate, it is important for managers to intervene when cultural diversity blocks the success of decision making. Managerial intervention has been used in many occasions by various organizations to solve sort out its problems effectively. Setting norms early in a team through managerial intervention assists the team towards starting out effectively. Managers encourage team members to encourage each other towards ensuring everybody is appreciated and encouraged to work with each other despite cultural diversity. Managers address the issues like language barrier and ethnic diversity directly. They encourage them on various ways to solve cultural diversity within the team and entire organization. Exit is another strategy that is utilized towards reducing the problems of cultural diversity. This is usually the last and infrequent strategy towards managing cultural differences. It is important for those members who are not happy with their teams to move out of the team to another team. This will ensure there is continued delivery of efficient services. Exit of one or several members is used by organizations as a last resort. One or several members of the team or organization may be kindly requested formally by management to exit. They may also exit voluntarily from the team. According to Bhatia Chaudary (2003, p. 25), managing diverse culture within an organization is not an easy task. Realizing and managing cultural diversity within an organization has been on the increase. This is assisting greatly in facilitating organizational progress and success. On a broad perspective, organizations can manage cultural diversity through communication. This is creating awareness among the employees and various teams on the importance of diverse values of peers. Another way is through cultivating; this is facilitating encouragement, support, and appreciation of any employee achievement by all other colleagues. Diverse culture can also be managed through capitalizing strategies. This involves linking diversity to every process of business and strategy such as employee development, re-engineering, succession planning, performance review and management. Organizations also adopt various innovative ways towards management of cultural diversity. This includes incorporating various people from different cultural backgrounds as well as acknowledging the importance of their cultural. Appreciating people cultural background usually leads to reduced background differences. This ensures there is a common organizational diversity that does not affect the performance of various teams. Organizations have also started empowerment to all members regardless of race or gender. Empowerment is crucial towards making of an effective decision making. Towards reducing culture diversity difference, organizations are encouraging free contribution towards decision making processes. Utilization of empowerment in diverse organizations results to more trust among the team members as well as higher productivity. Empowerment in an organization with diverse culture has been seen to make team members feel their contribution in a manner that is more worthwhile and meaningful. This assists greatly towards improvement of diversity climate hence accomplishment of organization objectives. It is also crucial for various organizations to initiate diversity training programs as illustrated by Perkins, (2006, p. 60). Leaders and managers in organizations should be trained on how to manage and understand culturally diversified employees. Employees as well should be provided with adequate training on the importance of understanding people with different cultures. This will greatly assist in improving the differences that arise when people of different cultures work together. Training is crucial towards the breakdown of stereotypes as well as reducing prejudicial attitudes among the team members. Mentoring and networks are other effective ways towards improvement of the diversity climate. Mentors usually provide recognition, support, and challenge in order to assist in shaping the future for those individuals they are assisting. Mentors are in most occasions beneficial mainly because it assists in keeping minorities on the track. It also assists in keeping them focused withi n any culturally diversified organization. Networking is also another crucial process that assists organizations in managing the cultural diversity within the teams. Networking acts as a source of encouragement and support to various employees with diversified cultural differences. It is also crucial for organizations to strength top-management commitment towards creating a positive diversity climate within the organization. This commitment should be distributed even to the lowest management levels. All managers at every level within an organization should openly and strongly support all policies, strategies, and practices that support the management of culture diversity. This will greatly assist towards reducing culture diversification related challenges within an organization. It will assist in improving and increasing the benefits associated with culture diversity. Conclusion Cultural differences that face multicultural teams may not necessary attribute to diversity challenges. However, these differences underlay the problems that require to be addressed in various teams in organizations. Cultural diversity may not only have negative effects on the working of a team, but they may result to problems in management as well. If any organizations management intervenes early in any cultural challenge within the organization, this may lead to good resolution of the problem. Organizations management should set up norms; structure social interaction as well as engaging all people within the team in solving problems arising due to cultural difference. Managing cultural diversity well has various benefits that are associated with it. Effective management of cultural diversity usually results to organizational benefits or success. Organizations with an effective managed multi-culture have a cost effective competitive edge. It also results to the promotion of minority friendly reputation among prospective employees. Organization with good management of cultural diversity usually results to an increased flexibility and adaptability in case of any environmental changes. Effective management of culture diversity will assist in improving and increasing the benefits associated with culture diversity.

The Role Of Women in the Renaissance Essays -- European Renaissance Ess

When one talks about the Renaissance, the most common topic is art and architecture. It is true that the Italian Renaissance was marked by some of the greatest and most prolific masters of painting, sculpture and building. It is also true that the era marked the emergence of a great deal more. It was a time of awakening from the intellectual darkness of the medieval order and the emergence of many of the concepts that would form the basis for civilization as it is known today. The era saw the birth of new attitudes concerning the role of man in his relationship to the world and to God. Unfortunately, for the most part, the expansion of the 'role of man' did not include the role of women. "Renaissance (from the French for "rebirth") is a term coined in the nineteenth century originally to denote the revival of art and letters under the influence of ancient Roman and Greek models. This revival began in Italy in the fourteenth century, flourished in the fifteenth, and in the sixteenth reached apogee and then crisis in Italy, while it spread through most of Europe. But humanism's classical learning alone cannot account for the immense changes that took place during these centuries; moreover, movements originating in the North also contributed to these changes. Therefore the term Renaissance has also come to denote the era in general and its overriding spirit, in which desires intrinsic to human nature, generally repressed under medieval feudalism, burst forth with new fervor and resulted in a new culture" (Osmond 18). The most conspicuous of these changes were in the world of art and intellectual pursuits. The social structure of Italy and the culturally defined ge nder roles were not as affected as art and architecture. ... ...litical scientist" (Rhu 326). The Renaissance is perceived as a time of intellectual and creative growth, and, indeed, the arts and architectural accomplishments of the era bear out this perception. The two centuries denoted as the Renaissance in Italy are also known as a period of growth in the sciences, with such known personages as Leonardo de Vinci making strides into mathematics, anatomy and other sciences that would open the door for the empirical investigations of later centuries. The greatest of the Italian Renaissance writers, Niccolo Machiavelli, mirrors one of the least known attributes of the time, the social relegation of females. Although it is a time where the role of women is enlarged to some degree, it continues to place strictures on the place and meaning of women that were forged in the writings of the ancient Greeks, such as Aristotle.